A protocol stack is a particular software implementation of a protocol suite. The suite is the definition of the protocols and the stack is the software implementation of them.
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A
CDMA - Code-Division Multiple Access
GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
MGC - Media Gateway Controller
SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
SNA – Systems Network Architecture
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
A
Access Gateway
A type of gateway that provides an interface between User and Network. For example with ISDN.
AN – Access Network
An access network is a network that connects local subscribers to telecommunication service providers.
Archive
A SAFIRE archive contains one or more archive versions.
Archive version
The 8 digit number (e.g. 16120900) defining the version of an archive; the meaning of the digits can be chosen by the users. An archive version consists of groups and projects, which are structured in a tree.
ASN-1
ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) is a formal language to describe a message (a unit of application data) that can be sent or received in a network. ASN.1 is divided into two parts:
- the rules of syntax for describing, which data item comes first in the message and what its data type is, the contents of a message
- how each data item is actually encoded in a message. ASN.1 is defined in two ISO standards for applications intended for the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) framework:
ISO 8824/ITU X.208 specifies the syntax
ISO 8825/ITU X.209 specifies the basic encoding rules for ASN.1 (for example, how to state how long a data item is)
Example of a message definition specified with ASN.1 notation:
Report ::=
SEQUENCE {
author OCTET STRING,
title OCTET STRING,
body OCTET STRING,
biblio Bibliography
}
_"Report" is the name of this type of message.
_ SEQUENCE indicates that the message is a sequence of data items.
_ The first four data items have the data type of OCTET STRING, meaning each is a string of eight-bit bytes (the term OCTET was used rather than BYTE because it can't be
assumed that all computers will have eight bits in a byte).
_ The bibliography data item is another definition named "Bibliography" that is used within this one.
Other data types that can be specified include: INTEGER, BOOLEAN, REAL, and BIT STRING. An ENUMERATED data type is one that takes one of several possible values. Data items can be specified as OPTIONAL (not necessarily present).
ATS - Abstract Test Suite
An Abstract Test Suite (ATS) is a collection of test scenarios with accessible source codes. Users can run these test scenarios against a test object and are able to modify or change them to match specific configurations. A Framework Test Suite, as offered by SOLINET, is also known as an ATS.
B
B-channel - Bearer-channel
Bearer-channel, the main data channel in an ISDN connection. Basic Rate ISDN (BRI) service consists of two 64 Kbps B-channels, and one D-channel for transmitting control information. Primary ISDN service consists of 23 B-channels (in the U.S.) or 30 B-channels (in Europe).
Booking
When several users are maintaining an archive, they can book out projects to the user's location for applying changes. After the change is verified, the project will be booked back in the master location.
BRI - Basic Rate Interface
The basic ISDN configuration, which consists of two B-channels that can carry voice or data at rate of 64Kbps, and one D-channel, which carries call-control information. Another type of ISDN configuration is called Primary-Rate Interface (PRI), which consists of 23 B-channels (30 in Europe) and one D-channel. Basic rate is also referred to as S0. Example protocols used are 1TR6 and EDSS1
BSC
Base Station Controller.
BSS
Base Station Subsystem.
BSSMAP
Base Station System Management Application Part.
BTS
Base Transceiver Station. A BTS is also called a base station (BS).
Building
Includes the compilation of SDL, as well as C code. It also includes automatic creation of C and H files for certain project types.
C
CAP
CAMEL Application Part
CAS
Call Associated Signaling.
CDMA
Code-Division Multiple Access
CGL
Calling Geodetic Location.
CgPN
Calling Party Number.
Codec
(COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses data streams.
Conformance testing or Simulation
Running tests conform to the specifications of the standardization bodies.
CC
Call Content - The content of a monitored call.
CPE
Customer Premises Equipment.
CTRT
Call Termination Report Timer.
D
D-channel
Delta-channel, the channel in an ISDN connection that carries control and signaling information. Basic Rate ISDN (BRI) service consists of two 64 Kbps B-channels, and one D-channel for transmitting control information. Primary ISDN service consists of 23 B-channels (in the U.S.) or 30 B-channels (in Europe).
Dependencies
Projects can use other projects. The dependencies of projects on other projects are shown in the "used-by" and the "using" window.
E
EDGE
Enhanced Data GSM Environment. EDGE is a faster version of GSM wireless service. EDGE enables data to be delivered at rates up to 384 Kbps on a broadband. The standard is based on the GSM standard and uses TDMA multiplexing technology.
Edit/View
A user can open an SDL project in an editor, a graphical editor with fully automatic symbol layout for SDL, and a text editor for C code.
E1
Similar to the North American T-1, E1 is the European format for digital transmission.
E1 carries signals at 2 Mbps (32 channels at 64Kbps, with 2 channels reserved for signaling and controlling), versus the T1, which carries signals at 1.544 Mbps (24 channels at 64Kbps). E1 and T1 lines may be interconnected for international use.
E2 (E-2) is a line that carries four multiplexed E1 signals with a data rate of 8.448 million bits per second.
E3 (E-3) carries 16 E1 signals with a data rate of 34.368 million bits per second.
E4 (E-4) carries four E3 channels with a data rate of 139.264 million bits per second.
E5 (E-5) carries four E4 channels with a data rate of 565.148 million bits per second.
eMTA
Embedded Multimedia Transfer Adaptor.
E-OTD
Enhanced Observed Time Difference.
ESN
Electronic Serial Number.
ETSI
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is a non-profit organization that establishes telecommunications standards for Europe. ETSI guidelines are voluntary and almost always comply with standards produced by international bodies. ETSI initiatives touch on the following areas: aeronautical radio, API, ATM, electromagnetic compatibility, electronic signature, Generic Addressing and Transport protocol, maritime radio, service provider access, Telecommunications Management Network (TMN), TETRA, VoIP, and xDSL.
ETSI's structure includes a general assembly, a board, a technical organization, and a secretariat. Its technical organization has primary responsibility for devising standards.
ETSI is headquartered in southern France. It currently has 789 members from 52 countries and five continents. Its membership list features some of the biggest names in technology, including IBM Europe, Microsoft Europe, Hewlett-Packard France, Motorola, and Lucent Technologies. Membership is open to any firm with an interest in European telecommunications. Each member pays an annual fee to join ETSI.
ETS - Executable Test Suite
An Executable Test Suite (ETS) is a collection of test scenarios that can be run against a test object, but which only be edited in simple ways by users.
F
FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDDI is a set of ANSI protocols for sending digital data over fiber optic cable. FDDI networks are token-passing networks, and support data rates of up to 100 Mbps (100 million bits) per second. FDDI networks are typically used as backbones for wide-area networks.
An FDDI network contains two token rings, one for possible backup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ring offers up to 100 Mbps capacity. If the secondary ring is not needed for backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbps. The single ring can extend the maximum distance; a dual ring can extend 100 km (62 miles).
An extension to FDDI, called FDDI-2, supports the transmission of voice and video information as well as data. Another variation of FDDI, called FDDI Full Duplex Technology (FFDT) uses the same network infrastructure but can potentially support data rates up to 200 Mbps.
Frame relay
Frame relay is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between end-points in a wide area network (WAN).
Frame relay is a packet-switching protocol for connecting devices on a Wide Area Network (WAN). Frame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame and leaves any necessary error correction (retransmission of data) up to the end-points, which speeds up overall data transmission.
FR
Full Rate.
G
GDP
Generic Digits Parameter.
GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node
Interface between the GPRS wireless data network and other networks such as the Internet or private networks.
GMLC
Gateway Mobile Location Center.
GPRS
General Packet Radio Services is a standard for wireless communications, which runs at speeds up to 115 kilobits per second, compared with current GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) systems' 9.6 kilobits.
GPRT
Geo Position Request Timer.
GPS
Global Positioning System.
Group
Define the tree structure of an archive-version.
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. GSM is the wireless telephone standard in Europe.
H
H.320
An ITU standard for videoconferencing over digital circuits. Using the H.261 compression method, it allows H.320-compliant videoconferencing room and desktop systems to communicate with each other over ISDN, fractional T1 and Switched 56 services.
H.323
H.323 is a standard approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 1996 to promote compatibility in videoconference transmissions over IP networks. H.323 was originally promoted as a way to provide consistency in audio, video and data packet transmissions in the event that a local area network (LAN) did not provide guaranteed service quality (QoS).
Handover Interface - HI
Physical and logical arrangement across which interception measures are requested.
HASP
A USB/parallel port-based software copy protection system.
HLR
Home Location Register
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).
I
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The IEEE describes itself as "the world's largest technical professional society -- promoting the development and application of electro-technology and allied sciences for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession, and the well-being of our members." The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become national and international standards. The organization publishes a number of journals, has many local chapters, and several large societies in special areas, such as the IEEE Computer Society.
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
The IETF is the body that defines standard Internet operating protocols such as TCP/IP. The IETF is supervised by the Internet Society Internet Architecture Board (IAB). IETF members are drawn from the Internet Society's individual and organization membership. Standards are expressed in the form of Requests for Comments (RFCs).
IN - Intelligent Networks
This is a service-independent telecommunications network. Intelligence is taken out of the switch and placed in computer nodes that are distributed throughout the network.
INAP - Intelligent Network Application Part
An IN (Intelligent Network) protocol used in a European SS7 network to query databases for a variety of functions not related to call setup and tear down. INAP uses the ASN.1 standard for defining message content.
Installation
The copy of an archive version for delivery. Several modes are possible.
Interception (Lawful Interception)
Action (based on applicable laws and regulations) performed by an Network Operator or Service Provider making available specific subscriber information and providing that data to an Law Enforcement Monitoring Facility.
Interception Interface
Physical and logical locations within the telecommunication facilities of an provider where access to the call content and Intercept Related Information (IRI) is provided. The interception interface is not necessarily a single, fixed point.
Interoperability
Interoperability is the ability of a system or a product to work with other systems or products without special effort on the part of the customer.
Interoperability testing
Testing the compatibility with the own system but without any compliance with the specifications of the standardization bodies.
IRI - Intercept Related Information
Collection of data associated with telecommunication services regarding the subscriber identity. This includes call-associated data (e.g. unsuccessful call attempts), service associated data (e.g. service profile management by subscriber) and location information.
IRI-Spooler
Device allowing the temporary storage of information in case the necessary telecommunication connection to transport information to the Law Enforcement Monitoring Facility is temporarily unavailable.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN - an international communications standard for sending voice, video, graphics image and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per second).
There are two types of ISDN:
-
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) -- consists of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one D-channel for transmitting control information.
-
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) -- consists of 23 B-channels and one D-channel (U.S.) or 30 B-channels and one D-channel (Europe)
ISUP
ISDN User Part.
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union - www.itu.int .
ISUP
Integrated Services digital network User Part.
J
K
Kbps
Kilobits per second (thousands of bits per second)
L
Lawful Authorization
The permission granted to an Lawful Enforcement Agency under certain conditions to request that a Provider intercept specified telecommunications. Typically this refers to a warrant or an order issued by another official legal body.
Law Enforcement Agency
An organization authorized by another official legal body (for example a national court of law), to request interception services and to receive the results of telecommunication interceptions.
Law Enforcement Monitoring Facility (LEMF)
The transmission destination for IRI and CC relating to a particular interception subject.
Lawful Interception
Lawful interception (LI) is a security process, in which a network operator or service provider gives law enforcement officials access to the communications of private individuals or organizations. Laws regulate lawful interception procedures; and the standardization groups create the LI technology specifications.
LEA Network
Network connections and special protocol functions that are required for the delivery of interception products from a mediating device or a delivery function to an Lawful Enforcement Monitoring Facility. This network is specified by and normally belongs to the LEA domain.
M
MAP
Mobile Application Part.
MDN
Mobile Directory Number.
ME
Mobile Equipment.
Mediation Function - MF
Mechanism that passes information between a Provider and a handover interface.
MG
Media Gateway converts media provided in one type of network to the format required in another type of network to the format required in another type of network.
MGC
Media Gateway Controller
MEGACO - Media Gateway Control Protocol
MGCP also known as H.248 and MEGACO, is a standard protocol for handling the signaling and session management needed during a multimedia conference.
MIN
Mobile Identification Number.
MPC
Mobile Position Center (MPC).
MPCAP
Mobile Position Capability.
MS
Mobile Station.
MSC
Mobile Switching Center.
MSC
Message Sequence Charter
MTA
Multimedia Terminal Adapter.
MTP
Message Transfer Part.
N
NCAS
Non Call Associated Signaling.
NE
Network Element.
NGN
Next Generation Network
O
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
P
PABX
Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).
Packet switched
Packet-switched describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet.
PBX
Private Branch eXchange.
PC
SS7 Point Code.
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation.
PESQ
Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality.
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network.
POI
Point of Interface.
Port
An interface to which you can connect a device.
POST
Power On Self Test
POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service.
PRI
Primary Rate Interface
Project
The leaves of the archive-version tree. The different project types are:Biplib - a combined SDL/C project; Dll - a C dll; Driver - project for Windows drivers; Executable - a C executable; Filter - a project for intelligent Tracer filters; Generic - can handle list of files; Interface - an SDL project (optionally C code automatically created); Module - a statistic C library; Package - an SDL project, for type definitions, process type definitions, etc. Protocol - an SDL project; Stack - a stack project; System - an SDL project; Test Harness - a project for embedding test suites; Test Suite - an SDL project;
Protocol Stack
PSQM
Perceptual Speech Quality Measure.
PSTN
PSTN (public switched telephone network).
Q
QoS
Quality of Service
R
RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Risks, or originally Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks.
A way of storing the same data in different places on multiple hard disks. By storing data on multiple disks, system operations can overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. Since multiple disks increases the meantime between failure (MTBF), storing data redundantly also increases fault-tolerance.
RTP
Real-time Transport Protocol.
Rx
In our tool chain, Rx means received.
S
S2M
2Mbit/s line.
SAFIRE
SDL Advanced FSM Integrated Runtime Environment. Please refer to: www.SAFIRE-World.com
SAMPS
System Assisted Mobile Positioning through Satellite.
SCCP
Signaling Connection Control Point: A layer 3 protocol in an SS7 network that routes a message to the appropriate database. SCCP is used in conjunction with the TCAP protocol for sending queries to databases.
SCN FAS Signaling Gateway
This function contains the SCN Signaling interface that terminates SS7, ISDN, or other signaling links, where the call control channel and bearer channels are collocated in the same physical span. Used for MEGACO.
SCP
Switching Control Point: a node in an SS7 telephone network that provides an interface to databases, which may reside within the SCP computer or in other computers. The SCP may also be combined with the SS7 node that routes messages, called a "signal transfer point" (STP).
The local exchange node, which is called the "service switching point" (SSP) sends SS7 messages to SCPs to retrieve subscriber and routing information. The databases support such features as 800 and 900 numbers, calling card validation, collect and third-party billing calls. Databases for cellular providers hold subscriber information as well as visitor information (other carriers' customers moving through at this moment).
SCTP
Stream Control Transmission Protocol: it is a type of mobility management for IP-based networks that focuses on the transport and session layers, rather the network layer. SCTP, in general terms, is a reliable transport protocol operating on top of potentially unreliable connectionless packet service such as IP.
SCTP can be used as the transport protocol for applications where monitoring and detection of loss of session is required.
SCTP connections are established after a 4-way handshake between two SCTP endpoints, usually a client and a server. The server, after having received the client’s association setup request, returns an acknowledgement of the setup request containing a data structure called cookie, which is protected by a secure message authentication code, and does not change state. Only when this cookie is returned by the client unchanged does the server allocate resources and establish a new association.
SDCCH
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel.
SDH
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard technology for synchronous data transmission on optical media.
SDL
SDL (Specification and Description Language) is a program design and implementation language standardized as ITU (International Telecommunications Union) Recommendation Z.100. The key language features are the capability to be used from requirements to implementation, suitability for real-time, stimulus response systems, graphical form presentation and a model using object oriented descriptions to present communication processes of extended finite state machines. Some advantages of SDL include mathematical rigor, clarity, consistency, portability, scalability, and the ability to interface with other languages. It is described as a graphical language that eliminates ambiguity.
The earliest applications of SDL, which has evolved from ideas first developed in 1976, were in telecommunications, particularly in the aerospace industry. More recent applications include medical devices, railway control systems, automotive systems, satellite networks, remote control, remote monitoring, telepresence, and robotic systems. Please refer to: www.SAFIRE-World.com
SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
The SIP is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard protocol for initiating an interactive user session that involves multimedia elements such as video, voice, chat, gaming, and virtual reality.
Slot
An opening in a computer where you can insert a printed circuit board.
SMLC
Serving Mobile Location Center.
SMT
Short Message Delivery Timer.
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol.
SONET - Synchronous Optical Network
SONET is the American National Standards Institute standard for synchronous data transmission on optical media.
SS7
Signaling System 7 is an international standard network signaling protocol that allows common channel (independent) signaling for call-establishment, billing, routing, and information-exchange between nodes in the public-switched telephone network.
SS7 consists of a set of reserved or dedicated channel known as signaling links and the network points that they interconnect. There are three kinds of network points (which are called signaling points): Service Switching Points (SSPs), Signal Transfer Points (STPs), and Service Control Points (SCPs). SSPs originate or terminate a call and communicate on the SS7 network with SCPs to determine how to route a call or set up and manage some special feature. Traffic on the SS7 network is routed by packet switches called STPs. SCPs and STPs are usually mated so that service can continue if one network point fails.
SS7oIP
Signaling System 7 over Internet Protocol are protocols used in VoIP networks.
Status
The status of a project is indicated by the two LEDs on the left of the project name in the project tree of the SAFIRE Organizer. The first LED indicates the status of the project itself, and the second one indicates the relation of the project to other projects. It can be up-to-date or out-of-date, depending on the source and target files;
STP
Signaling Transfer Point.
Stream
Bidirectional media or control flow received/sent by a media gateway as part of a call or conference.
SXC
Safire eXecutable Configuration file.
SXI
Safire eXecutable Image, the file type used by SAFIRE Executive.
T
T1
The T1 (or T-1) carrier is the most commonly used digital line in the United States, Canada, and Japan. In these countries, it carries 24 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) signals using time-division multiplexing (TDM) at an overall rate of 1.544 million bits per second (Mbps). T1 lines use copper wire and span distances within and between major metropolitan areas.
TCAP
Transaction Capabilities Application Part.
TCP
Transaction Control Protocol.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
Test suites
Group of test cases.
Test case
Test in a specific situation.
TEX
Transit Exchange.
TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity.
Trunk
A communication channel between two switching systems such as a DS0 on a T1 or E1 line.
Trunking Gateway
A gateway between SCN network and packet network that typically terminates a large number of digital circuits.
Tx
In our tool chain, Tx means Transmitted.
U
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
V
V5
V5 is an access related service.
VGC
Voice Group Call
VGCS
Voice Group Call Service. Allows speech conversation of a predefined group of service subscribers in half duplex mode on the radio link
VLR
Visitor Location Register.
VoIP - Voice over IP
Voice over Internet Protocol is a process of sending voice telephone signals over the Internet or other data network.
W
X
Y
Z
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